You might be aware that there are different content encoding formats for encoding the text. Generally, it is safe to use UTF encoding, but at least you would expect that the websites would specify the encoding format in the response. Alas, you might find certain sites , which just send the content without specifying the content encoding that they are using. So to detect content encoding for such cases, you need a FSM (Finite State Machine). Initially, you just split the input into individual characters and then pass them onto different state machines,...